| 1. |
- Johansson, Börje
(författare)
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Diversity and superiority in innovation processes
- 2005
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Ingår i: MODSIM05. - : Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand Inc. (MSSANZ). - 0975840002 - 9780975840009 ; , s. 1056-1062, s. 1056-1062
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A product group consists of product varieties (phenotypes) that compete for the same customer budget. The paper introduces an approach to identifying separate markets by means of product group (genotype) delineation. The paper contrasts two basic ideas for analysing competition within a product group. The first idea relates to Lancaster's suggestion that every product variety can be identified by its attributes or characteristics (L-model). The second idea relates to the monopolistic-competition model as popularised by Krugman (DS-model). With this latter approach, a product group potentially contains a large set of varieties, where customers as a group have a taste for variety. For each of the two paradigms, the paper presents and compares the process by which novel product varieties are introduced. In the framework of Lancaster, evolution tends to reduce the number of varieties due to development of superior alternatives. The Krugman framework rather predicts an evolution where the number of varieties may increase without limits. The contribution of the paper is to contrast the two perspectives, by comparing the change processes and by assessing the adhering equilibrium solutions. A major question is how these two conflicting perspectives should be interpreted. The paper ends by suggesting a framework that can resolve the conflict between the two perspectives. The L-model provides a theoretical framework for how a separated market can be delineated, whereas the DS-model is more ad hoc in this sense. The prime demarcation aspect is however that in the DS-model diversity of products is generated by customers' taste for variety. This must not be interpreted as a case, in which each customer consumes of all varieties at each point in time. A more reasonable interpretation is that a customer during a time period exercises the taste for variety. In contrast, a customer in the L-model purchases two or several varieties only when there is no product available with the desired combination of attributes. Hence, in the L-model the tendency is towards a smaller set of superior varieties. However, heterogeneity among customers will counteract this tendency and generate product diversity in the L-model. The possibility of a superior product variety for each customer group is inherent in the L-model. One may also observe this phenomenon can associated with so-called technology lock-in effects (Arthur, 1989). In order to understand this, we may consider a product group for which an essential feature is mutual compatibility with other product variants. As some variant gets a large market share, the compatibility aspect will be an important attribute with a decisive role in customers' preference functions. This type of feature is completely absent in the DS-model. In the L-model scale economies explain the dynamics when a superior product increases its market share by replacing established products. Scale economies are the driving force behind competitive exclusion. In the DS-model scale economies provide incentives for firms to develop economies of scope and to continue to expand the number of varieties.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Börje M., et al.
(författare)
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Internal and external knowledge and introduction of export varieties
- 2015
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Ingår i: The World Economy. - : Wiley. - 0378-5920 .- 1467-9701. ; 38:4, s. 629-654
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Firms in local industries maintain their capability to generate new export varieties by simultaneously exploiting internal and external knowledge resources. The paper introduces the notion 'variety triplet' to distinguish individual export varieties, where a triplet is a unique combination of a firm, a product code and a destination country. For each date, the set of variety triplets in each local industry records all remaining export varieties introduced in the past. In view of this, the paper examines how internal and external knowledge of local industries influence the industry's scope and value of export varieties. First, the paper contributes by considering a local industry's internal and external knowledge, as well as the conjunction of its internal and external knowledge sources. Second, the knowledge sources are shown to influence both the stock and the dynamics of a local industry's variety triplets, using firm-level data from Sweden.
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| 4. |
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Entrepreneurship, social capital and governance : Directions for the sustainable development and competitiveness of regions
- 2012. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book highlights the role of entrepreneurship, social capital and governance for regional economic development. In recent decades, many researchers have claimed that entrepreneurship is the most critical factor in sustaining regional economic growth. However, most entrepreneurship research is undertaken without considering the fundamental importance of the regional context. Other research has emphasized the role of social capital but there are substantial problems in empirically relating measures of social capital to regional economic development. © Charlie Karlsson, Börje Johansson and Roger R. Stough 2012. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous Distributions of Firms Sustained by Innovation Dynamics-A Model with Empirical Illustrations and Analysis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1566-1679 .- 1573-7012. ; 12:2, s. 239-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a framework of innovation dynamics to appreciate observed heterogeneity of firm size distributions, in which dynamics refer to exit and entry of product varieties and variety markets of individual firms. The analysis is based on a model of variety-triplets where every such triplet in the economy is identified by a unique combination of a variety, destination and firm. New variety triplets are introduced by innovating firms in a quasi-temporal setting of monopolistic competition. Ideas for variety-triplets arrive to firms according to a firm-specific and state dependent Poisson process, whereas variety triplets exit according to a destination-specific Poisson process. The empirical analysis employs a detailed firm-level data base which provides information about all variety triplets. Firm size is measured by a firm's number of variety triplets. The empirical results are compatible with the model predictions of (i) a persistent distribution of firm sizes, (ii) frequent events of exit and entry, and (iii) state dependent entry, where a state may be given by each firm's composition of triplets and/or other firm attributes.
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| 6. |
- Cook, G. A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Clustering, MNEs, and Innovation : Who Benefits and How?
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of the Economics of Business. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1357-1516 .- 1466-1829. ; 20:2, s. 203-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores three under-researched questions in the literature on multinational enterprises (MNEs), clustering, and innovation. First, to what extent does multinationality lead to higher rates of innovation activity and performance? Second, what, if any, is the link between MNE cluster location and innovation inputs and outputs? Third, are there any significant differences between enterprises belonging to domestic and overseas MNEs in these regards? Evidence is based primarily on 11,775 firms derived from the UK Community Innovation Survey 2007. Diversity in the regional economy exerts the most consistent positive influence, followed by the scale of employment in the enterprise's own industry. Enterprises belonging to domestic MNEs appear to exert higher levels of innovation effort. However, evidence regarding their superiority in innovation outputs was weaker. Contrary to Michael Porter's work, it appears that enterprises belonging to overseas firms benefit more than domestic firms.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Affinities and frictions of trade networks
- 1994
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 28:3, s. 243-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper formulates a theoretical framework in which the analysis starts with supplier-customer links of micro type. From this we derive aggregate trade links between nodes in a spatial network. It is shown how affinities and barriers shape and influence the establishment of customer links, and how this forms aggregate patterns of flows. The framework is applied to three types of models for determining trade patterns — random discrete choice, information theory and gravity models. Essentially equivalent solutions are derived.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Börje, et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration Dynamics of Business Services
- 2011
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 47:2, s. 373-391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important characteristic of the economic development in Europe and North America during the last few decades is a fast expansion of the business-service sector. The present paper aims at modeling the location dynamics of three categories of firms: (i) knowledge-intensive business-service firms, (ii) ordinary business-service firms and other firms, where the latter form the rest of the economy. In the theoretical framework, business-service firms have random-choice preferences and respond in a non-linear way to time distances in their contact efforts to customer firms. Business-service firms make their location decisions in response to local, intra-regional and extra-regional access to market demand. The econometric analysis makes use of information about time distances between zones in urban areas as well as between urban areas in the same agglomeration and between urban areas in different agglomerations. The empirical analysis shows how the number of jobs in the different sectors change in response to accessibility to purchasing power. The estimation results show that the change processes feature non-linear dependencies with varying spatial reach.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Börje, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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European R&D efficiency
- 2015
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Ingår i: Economics of Innovation and New Technology. - London : Informa UK Limited. - 1043-8599 .- 1476-8364. ; 24, s. 140-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the capacity to produce new knowledge proxied by patents granted in 18 industries in 11 European economies. For each industry in each country, the number of granted U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patents is recorded over the 1991–2005 period. Controlling for research and development, industry composition, and institutional setting, the paper shows that systematic differences in patent intensity exist between the studied countries, such that almost all industries are affected by country-specific conditions, suggesting that the countries’ innovation systems differ in efficiency. The countries with the highest R&D efficiency are Sweden and Finland, followed by the Netherlands and Germany.
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